Which of the following best describes diabetes mellitus? A. Viral infection of the pancreas B. Metabolic disorder due to insulin deficiency or resistance C. Autoimmune destruction of red blood cells D. Hyperthyroidism due to iodine deficiency → B. Metabolic disorder due to insulin deficiency or resistance
Which symptom is NOT part of the classic diabetic triad? A. Polyuria B. Polydipsia C. Polyphagia D. Photosensitivity → D. Photosensitivity
Which of the following is a cause of hyperglycemia in diabetes? A. Excess insulin production B. Increased glucose uptake by cells C. Impaired glucose entry into cells D. Enhanced carbohydrate digestion → C. Impaired glucose entry into cells
Ketone bodies are formed in diabetes primarily due to: A. Protein synthesis B. Glucose overutilization C. Fat metabolism D. Muscle hypertrophy → C. Fat metabolism
In severe diabetic ketoacidosis, which respiratory pattern is commonly observed? A. Cheyne-Stokes B. Apnea C. Kussmaul’s respiration D. Bradypnea → C. Kussmaul’s respiration
🔹 Classification
According to the ADA, diabetes is diagnosed when fasting glucose is: A. ≥ 100 mg/dL B. ≥ 126 mg/dL C. ≥ 200 mg/dL D. ≤ 70 mg/dL → B. ≥ 126 mg/dL
Which type of diabetes typically occurs in children and adolescents? A. Type 2 B. Type 3 C. Type 1 D. Gestational → C. Type 1
Type 2 diabetes is most closely associated with: A. Hypoglycemia B. Viral infections C. Obesity and insulin resistance D. Autoimmune destruction → C. Obesity and insulin resistance
Which type of diabetes is identified during pregnancy? A. Type 1 B. Type 2 C. Gestational D. Secondary → C. Gestational
What term describes abnormal glucose values that are not high enough for diabetes? A. Euglycemia B. Hyperketonemia C. Impaired glucose tolerance D. Postprandial hypoglycemia → C. Impaired glucose tolerance
🔹 Acute Complications
Which is a common cause of loss of consciousness in the dental setting among diabetic patients? A. Hyperglycemia B. Insulin overdose C. Hypoglycemia D. Ketoacidosis → C. Hypoglycemia
A patient with rapid heartbeat, sweating, cold skin, and irritability is likely experiencing: A. Hyperglycemia B. Diabetic ketoacidosis C. Hypoglycemia D. Uremia → C. Hypoglycemia
What is the primary concern in untreated type 1 diabetes? A. Obesity B. Ketosis C. Cataracts D. Bradycardia → B. Ketosis
A fruity smell on the breath of a diabetic patient is due to: A. Ammonia B. Acetone C. Lactic acid D. Uric acid → B. Acetone
Diabetic coma due to hyperglycemia typically develops: A. Within 5 minutes B. In less than 2 hours C. Over 48 hours or more D. Within seconds → C. Over 48 hours or more
🔹 Chronic Complications
Which is NOT a microvascular complication of diabetes? A. Nephropathy B. Neuropathy C. Retinopathy D. Stroke → D. Stroke
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of: A. Cataracts B. Glaucoma C. Blindness in adults 20–74 years D. Eye infections → C. Blindness in adults 20–74 years
Which of the following is commonly seen in diabetic neuropathy? A. Dizziness only B. Weight gain C. Sensory and autonomic deficits D. Frequent urination → C. Sensory and autonomic deficits
Which condition is most commonly associated with proteinuria in diabetes? A. Retinopathy B. Nephropathy C. Neuropathy D. Pruritus → B. Nephropathy
Which oral complication is common in diabetic patients? A. Dry socket B. Increased caries and periodontal disease C. Jaw fracture D. Oral ulcers → B. Increased caries and periodontal disease
🔹 Management
What is the goal of diabetes treatment? A. To permanently cure diabetes B. Normalize metabolic control and prevent complications C. Increase insulin resistance D. Enhance sugar absorption → B. Normalize metabolic control and prevent complications
Which regimen offers the most flexibility for type 1 diabetes patients? A. Fixed insulin with fixed meals B. One daily insulin shot C. Multiple daily injections with lifestyle flexibility D. Oral medication only → C. Multiple daily injections with lifestyle flexibility
What tool allows real-time glucose monitoring via the skin? A. Glucometer B. Glucagon kit C. GlucoWatch D. Insulin pen → C. GlucoWatch
Self-monitoring of blood glucose is especially important for: A. Newly diagnosed patients B. Patients with stable glucose C. Pregnant women with diabetes D. Elderly patients only → C. Pregnant women with diabetes
Which value is typically higher in blood plasma than in whole blood? A. Cholesterol B. Insulin C. Glucose D. Calcium → C. Glucose
🔹 Pharmacologic Management
Which drug decreases postprandial glucose and doesn’t cause weight gain? A. Tolbutamide B. Insulin C. Metformin D. Pramlintide → C. Metformin
Sulfonylureas control blood glucose primarily by: A. Enhancing insulin sensitivity B. Decreasing liver glucose production C. Stimulating pancreatic insulin secretion D. Blocking renal glucose reabsorption → C. Stimulating pancreatic insulin secretion
Which hormone analog is used alongside insulin to improve glucose control? A. Glucagon B. Cortisol C. Pramlintide D. Epinephrine → C. Pramlintide
Which insulin preparation is short-acting? A. NPH B. Regular insulin C. Lente D. Protamine zinc → B. Regular insulin
What is a common side effect of pramlintide? A. Rash B. Hypertension C. Nausea D. Sedation → C. Nausea
🔹 Insulin Therapy & Devices
Insulin pumps deliver insulin through: A. Intramuscular injection B. Intravenous infusion C. Subcutaneous infusion D. Oral tablets → C. Subcutaneous infusion
Basal insulin is delivered by the pump: A. After meals only B. Once daily C. Continuously over 24 hours D. At bedtime → C. Continuously over 24 hours
Which insulin regimen involves one long-acting dose and three short-acting doses daily? A. Sliding scale B. Split-mix C. Intensive therapy D. Bedtime-only therapy → C. Intensive therapy
Which complication may result from displaced insulin pump catheters? A. Weight gain B. Diabetic ketoacidosis C. Gingivitis D. Retinopathy → B. Diabetic ketoacidosis
Which form of insulin is often administered before meals? A. NPH B. Lente C. Regular D. Glargine → C. Regular
🔹 Prevention & Dental Relevance
Which healthcare provider may help detect undiagnosed diabetes early? A. Cardiologist B. Oncologist C. Dentist D. Ophthalmologist → C. Dentist
What is a good carbohydrate emergency source for hypoglycemia? A. Meat B. Sugar packet C. Yogurt D. Cheese → B. Sugar packet
In diabetes, skin in hyperglycemia is typically: A. Hot and dry B. Cold and moist C. Blue and clammy D. Yellow and swollen → A. Hot and dry
In diabetes, skin in hypoglycemia is typically: A. Pale and swollen B. Hot and red C. Cold and wet D. Dry and wrinkled → C. Cold and wet
Which of the following is the most common cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputation? A. Peripheral artery disease B. Diabetes C. Osteoarthritis D. Stroke → B. Diabetes
